The Issigonis 9X
Sir Alec Issigonis had seen his creation, the Mini, become the de facto small car of the Sixties - a fashion icon, sporting achiever and transport for the impecunious - but as far as he was concerned, it was a small car that could be bettered.
Because of its rushed development, the Mini suffered from several compromises (later seen by enthusiasts, as loveable eccentricities), and Issigonis was keen to develop a replacement, which would not be similarly hampered...
Sheer Genius
Here we can compare the original mock-up of the 9X design, as built by Pininfarina (top), with the resulting fully-engineered prototype (above).
SOMETIMES, a crisis can truly focus the thoughts of an individual - and in the case of Issigonis, a proven and gifted designer, the Suez crisis had proven this to be the case. From the Leonard Lord edict to design a car to meet the fuel crisis head-on, a true stroke of genius resulted in the creation of the Mini. It was the inspired idea of mounting the engine transversely, above the gearbox, married to tiny road wheels (designed especially for the Mini) and the compact suspension system that resulted in such a small package. OK, the Mini was not the first small car by any means, but because of its remarkable packaging, it was the first truly small car that could offer accommodation for four 1959-sized adults.
However, the Mini was rushed into production, and because of the desire to meet Lord's production deadline, it suffered from many problems: the engine accessibility was dreadful in comparison with more conventional car, which led to garages initially holding their hands up in alarm at the sight of a Mini in their service bays. The transmission-in-sump layout adopted by the Mini was hampered by the addition of an extra transfer drive (when the engine orientation was changed half-way through the development programme). Subframes added during development added weight and cost (not to mention, corrosion worries), and the body engineering had been compromised to such a degree, that it leaked like a sieve in the early days.
Not that it mattered of course - following a slow start, the Mini soon became a best-seller, and soon became a classless icon as well as an inexpensive, clever, car.
Moving on...
However, Issigonis had moved on... following the development of the BMC 1100 and 1800 models, as well as his initial work on the Maxi, he turned his attention back to the Mini, and how best to replace it. By 1967, Alec Issigonis took the rather unprecedented step of requesting that George Harriman allow him to step down from his role as head of new car development, so that he could concentrate his efforts on creating a replacement for the Mini. Needless to say, Harriman was not keen on the idea, as he knew that there was a need to get on with the development of the next generation of front wheel drive models, that Issigonis had such a flair for designing. Reluctantly, however, he agreed to Issigonis' request and on the basis that this development programme was not in the mainstream BMC development schedule, and there would be no guarantees that production of the new car would be sanctioned.
Soon, Issigonis gathered around him a small team of hand-picked engineers – as he had done previously with the Mini - in order help him with his creation. This was the way that the great man preferred to work, and he figured that if he were surrounded by people he truly trusted, the creation process would be greatly accelerated. And it was so: by the start of 1968 and very much in the background compared with wider company events, the wonderful little car began to take shape.
Again, an interesting comparison between mock-up (top) and prototype (above).
Working to the strictest set of goals, Issigonis managed to create a totally new car that owed absolutely nothing to its predecessor. What emerged was nothing, if not radical and amazingly, the 9X, as it was called, managed not only to be shorter than the Mini (9 feet 8 inches, as opposed to 10 feet and a quarter inch), but also lighter. Because of some very smart thinking, the 9X was also somewhat roomier than the Mini. Even today, these facts seem almost impossible to believe, but the one prototype produced, which can still be seen at the British Motor Heritage Museum at Gaydon is a testament to the Issigonis mastery of small car design. Interior packaging was superior to the Mini, and offered more front and rear head and legroom, although, the driving position was similarly compromised. The dashboard design was classic Issigonis - an extremely slim fascia and strip speedometer, visually very similar to that of the Austin 1800 or similarly styled Austin-Morris JU van.
The styling of the 9X was smart and contemporary (penned by Fred Boubier and Syd Goble, with some prototype building being carried out by Pininfarina), and like a true car of the 1970s, squared-off in its outlook. Visually, it was rather similar to the later Peugeot 104 (a car that Pininfarina styled), and it would have fit into its anticipated market perfectly. Importantly, the 9X also featured a hatchback – something that Issigonis did not necessarily think a Mini-sized car needed, but accepted that customers disagreed with his sentiments.
No commitment to production
George Harriman was unable to offer Issigonis any commitment to production, as discussed when the idea was originally mooted, and because BMH (BMC and Jaguar) were heading rapidly towards a Leyland takeover, the likelihood of a huge investment to replace a successful, low-profit car, was remote. As it was, much of the final development of the 9X was undertaken under Leyland ownership, and once it became clear that there were many, many budgetary constraints, 9X production was becoming a more remote possibility - a pipedream, even.
Even so, this practically unofficial and small-scale effort by Issigonis and his team would suffer no compromises: Issigonis insisted that the new car should possess an entirely new chassis. In true 1970s Euro-norm, the 9X was given McPherson struts at the front and a beam axle at the rear. Issigonis chose something utterly conventional (by 1970s standards), shunning the Dr Alex Moulton designed fluid set-ups which worked so effectively in the 1100 and 1800 models. At the time, even the Mini used the Hydrolastic system (it was designed from the outset to use this arrangement), but on the smallest car in the range, it had been met with mixed reviews. Issigonis decided on the conventional set-up because it was cheaper to produce, and he stated that it could be tuned to offer a softer and more compliant ride than the rather bouncy Mini. There were other, darker, reasons for going with the steel system, but either way - it proved that Issigonis would go with a "template" design, if he thought there were real benefits.
This sectioned view of the larger ADO16-sized 9X displays its space efficiency to good effect, and makes for an interesting comparison with the sectioned Mini).
The styling sketch for the above car: Compare this with the proposed ADO16 facelift. (Both cars eventually lost out to the Allegro.) This design also bears a passing resemblance to the Autobianchi Primula, which itself looked rather like an ADO16 hatchback.
New car, new engine
Issigonis chose to go to town with the 9X, and ensured that it would have a new, lighter, and more efficient power unit.
The engine design team was headed-up by John Sheppard and along with the rest of the 9X, the new four-cylinder unit dubbed the "DX", was very quickly produced: it took just nine months to make the transition from drawing board to test bed. It displaced between 750cc and 1000cc and had a specific power output of 60bhp per litre – with an overhead camshaft design, that very unusually for a British design of that era, sported a cam-belt as opposed to a cam-chain. At the insistence of that Issigonis, the 9X would be designed to use a new engine/gearbox package that weighed no more than 200lbs, as opposed to the 340lbs of the A-Series package. Because of these demands, aluminium alloy was used for the cylinder head and sump and cast iron for the engine block. The 1-litre version of the prototype engine that they produced put out a healthy 60bhp (far in excess of the 40bhp that the 998cc Mini could muster). The new gearbox was a two-shaft design that was intended to be sited beneath and behind the engine (not directly below it) and was, therefore, supposed to be a lot quieter as it did not rely on the transfer gear arrangement found in the existing package.
The under bonnet view of the 9X: compact and powerful for its size. The indications were that the DX engine could have been a highly suitable replacement for the A-Series unit (picture by Dale Turley).
The unit was designed also to be of a modular design, and Issigonis' team duly drew up plans for a six-cylinder version of the engine to be introduced in the larger version of the 9X, intended to replace the 1100/1300.
John Knott, a former engineer at BL recounted his first encounter with the 9X project. He said: "Not long after graduating from Loughborough University and returning to the desk I had left four years earlier, the boss came along with a big roll of drawings which he dumped on my desk with the instruction 'Tolerance that lot'."
He added: "The roll of drawings just happened to be those of the X9 engine gearbox which were fully dimensioned but without any tolerances. Now here was something for a fledgling engineer to get his teeth into. The engine consisted of a cast iron cylinder block (in which the cylinders were all 'Siamesed' i.e. there was no cooling water channel between adjacent cylinders), a separate aluminium crankcase and ali cylinder head with OHC (Sorry I don't remember what the combustion chamber & valve layout was like). What was really exceptional was that the alternator was arranged in somewhat motor cycle fashion in that there was a stator sitting in a housing with a magnetic rotor on an extension from the crankshaft. It was necessary to maintain a gap between rotor and stator of .030 +/- .010inch. And this is where the tolerancing was most critical.
"Going through the tolerance build up we had crank case drillings to drop gear housing drillings, drop gear housing drillings to clutch housing drillings, clutch housing drillings to an extension case, extension case to alternator housing, alternator housing to alternator fixing and alternator fixing to alternator bore. Under normally stringent dimensional control our clearance between rotor and stator has already disapeared. The tolerance build up between the crankshaft and the alternator rotor was even more marked. The crank shaft had a squared off end facing on to which the flywheel was spigotted in much the same way as the E series of the time, there was a normal clutch pressure plate fixed to the flywheel by three flexible steel straps onto which was bolted an aluminium extension which carried the alternator rotor (and I think the clutch release collar) Whilst there was obviously a build up of tolerance in this area the most important aspect was the "Swash" or run out on the flywheel face which would be converted to an eccentric motion and somewhat amplified at the alternator and wipe out any clearance that was there.
"Engineering took the view that they would always achieve any tolerance that we put on a drawing. I put this to the test by getting the E2 inspection shop to demonstrate how they were controlling this tolerance. I seem to remember that it took most of the afternoon to put together a jig for doing this, three crankshafts and five flywheels befor we found a pair that ran within tolerance for the E4 engine. The 9X would need much tighter tolerances than these and I had to report that we were unable to mass produce the engine to the design that I had been presented with.
"Not long after that the design team was disbanded and I moved on in 1974 when the full impact of the Leyland approach was becoming felt."
Interestingly, but in a sad way, some of these 9X engines were used in standard Minis so they could undergo development, and shortly after the death of the car, one such car was lent to a BL Director - with the explanation that it was a Daniel Richmond tuned engine under the bonnet. Richmond was one of the engineers that assisted Issigonis in the design of the new engine, so it was perfectly conceivable that this would be the case. Said BL director returned from his test drive, enthusing about how well the Mini went - and how Austin Morris should offer it for sale. Imagine his reaction when he looked under the bonnet and found that it was actually the engine he had just consigned to the scrap heap...
Issigonis seen here in his masterpiece: he shows that, unlike the original Mini, the side windows slid enough to allow the driver to poke his head out for a better view when reversing.
The whole package was designed with a view to simplicity of assembly and low cost, benefiting not only to the manufacturer, but also the customer (through low purchase price). These aims would surely have been successfully met, as the 9X used an amazing 42 per cent less separate components than the Mini. The 9X would prove to be the last fully designed car from Alec Issigonis and sadly, it was cancelled soon after the completion of the only fully-engineered prototype; the first victim of the BMH-Leyland merger.
John Knott concluded: "To all those who say I was wrong to say drop the 9X, just ask what would have happened if we had put the engine into production and then been faced with contiuous warranty claims and press derision."
The end...?
So why was this intriguing car never built?
Following the creation of British Leyland, a new management team took control of Austin-Morris. In the eyes of Donald Stokes, many of the financial problems encountered by the entire corporation lay at the door of Austin-Morris. As a result, ex-Triumph man George Turnbull was drafted in to run Austin-Morris, with the intention of improving profitability and efficiency. As it was, the 9X, as brilliant as it was, would need a great deal of investment to get into production (new engine, new body, new platform), and the original Mini was selling very well thank-you-very-much.
Also, it was seen that the main priority lay in the middle-market (where sales of the 1800 were nowhere near acceptable) and so, the 9X was shelved. Management did continually review the car, but no matter how impressed they were when they came away from one of Issigonis' presentations, the decision to put it into production was never made. Reportedly George Turnbull and John Barber both drove the 9X, both loved it, but would walk away...
The question remains - was the decision to can the 9X the correct one to make? Viewed from an enthusiast's perspective, obviously not. The car was a quantum leap over the Mini - it offered so much in the way of innovation, that it would have perhaps made the larger superminis that appeared during the 1970s seem too big to be relevent. The style was largely right, although it would have undoubtedly needed a front-end facelift to be truly saleable.
From a business perspective, British Leyland could ill-afford the 9X, when their small car sales were so healthy, whilst their larger cars were suffering so much. The 9X could have been developed into a range to replace both the Mini and 1100/1300, but because of its cost and BLMC's lack of funds, it needed to be prioritised.... and that seems to be what happened.
Although the 9X programme was never adopted for production, it did not stop Alec Issignonis working on the project in his new office in Longbridge - as he was now working as a consultant for BL. Throughout the Seventies, and into the Eighties, Issigonis would regularly contact BL management, requesting another look at his constantly evolving 9X project. As can be seen at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, the final incarnation of the 9X project was an intriguing six-cylinder engined MG Metro.
Sadly, the call from upstairs never came - and in 1987, Graham Day terminated Sir Alec's contract.
The 9X cars pictured together in Longbridge in 1987...
In conclusion
The biggest crime committed by BLMC then was not that the did not put the 9X into production, but that they did not learn more from it when they finally decided that they needed to build a new small car. The 1980 Metro was an excellent car in its day, but a 1972 9X still remains a much more tantalising proposition. The prototype is available for anyone who cares to see it at Gaydon - and it was only due the intervention of Issigonis himself that resulted in the car surviving to this day. He rescued it from being cut-up during the early 1970s (it makes one wonder about all the projects that we don't know about, which suffered that fate). All enthusiasts must be eternally grateful to the great man for doing that, and it stands today as his cleverest creation...
Issigonis continued to work on Mini projects during his retirement, and one of his pet projects was the development of a gearless car. This is the so-called "9X Gearless Mini", which used the 9X ohc engine.
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